Lung Cancer

Lung cancer refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, forming malignant tumors. These tumors interfere with the normal functioning of the lungs, compromising their ability to provide oxygen to the body. The two main types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), each with distinct characteristics and treatment approaches.

NSCLC, accounting for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases, tends to grow and spread more slowly than SCLC. SCLC, on the other hand, is known for its aggressive nature, often spreading rapidly to other organs. Understanding the type of lung cancer is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan and predicting the prognosis.

Lung cancer is primarily a result of the cumulative effects of exposure to carcinogens, with cigarette smoking being the leading cause. Smoking introduces numerous harmful chemicals into the lungs, triggering genetic mutations in lung cells that may eventually lead to cancer. While smoking is the predominant risk factor, non-smokers can also develop lung cancer, indicating the influence of other environmental and genetic factors.

1. Smoking: Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including at least 250 known to be harmful, and over 60 recognized as carcinogens. Long-term exposure to these substances damages lung cells, initiating the process of cancer formation.
2. Secondhand smoke: Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke also face an increased risk of developing lung cancer. The inhalation of smoke from others’ cigarettes can be equally detrimental to lung health.
3. Radon gas: Radon, a colorless and odorless gas, is a natural radioactive element released from the Earth’s soil. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of radon can contribute to lung cancer, making it essential to test homes for radon levels.
4. Occupational exposure: Certain workplaces, such as those in the construction, mining, and industrial sectors, expose individuals to carcinogens like asbestos and diesel exhaust, increasing the likelihood of lung cancer.
5. Air pollution: Prolonged exposure to high levels of air pollution, especially in urban areas, has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer. Fine particulate matter and other pollutants can penetrate the lungs and induce cellular damage.

The symptoms of lung cancer may vary depending on the stage of the disease and the type of lung cancer. Early-stage lung cancer may not manifest noticeable symptoms, making it challenging to detect. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms may become apparent:

1. Persistent cough: A chronic cough that worsens over time or produces blood-tinged sputum is a common early sign of lung cancer. It is essential to distinguish between a persistent cough and occasional coughing due to respiratory infections.
2. Shortness of breath: Lung tumors can obstruct the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath. This symptom may worsen with physical activity.
3. Chest pain: Lung cancer may cause chest pain that is often exacerbated by deep breathing, coughing, or laughing. The pain may result from the invasion of nearby tissues or the spread of cancer to the chest wall.
4. Unexplained weight loss: Significant and unintentional weight loss can occur in individuals with advanced lung cancer. The metabolic demands of cancer cells and the body’s response to the disease contribute to weight loss.
5. Fatigue: Cancer-related fatigue is a common symptom, characterized by persistent tiredness that does not improve with rest. It can significantly impact a person’s daily activities and quality of life.
6. Hoarseness: Lung cancer can affect the nerves and structures in the chest, leading to hoarseness or changes in the voice. This symptom may indicate the involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.